Basque (Isolate)

When speaker and interlocutor are on a 2nd person singular familiar basis, every verb takes a special 'allocutive' form. Where the base verb is intransitive, the allocutive form is the equivalent of a transitive verb form marking a 2nd person singular familiar agent.

1 Background

Verb can be divided into four classes on the basis of argument marking they take.

verb class	example
monovalent intransitve	nator 'I(ABS) come'
bivalent intransitive	natorkizu 'I(ABS) come to you(DAT)'
bivalent transitive	dakart 'I(ERG) bring it(ABS)'
trivalent	dakarkizut 'I(ERG) bring it(ABS) to you(DAT)'

(Note that the absolutive argument of the trivalent class must be 3rd person.)

Morphologically, verbs mark either one argument (monovalent intransitive) or two (the rest; in trivalent verbs, the absolutive argument is not overtly marked on the verb). Most verbs are conjugated periphrastically, with TAM values expressed on an auxiliary ('be' for intransitives, 'have' for transitives):

monovalent intransitive		bivalent transitive
Erori	naiz.	Saldu	dut.
fallen	I.am	sold	I.have.it
'I have fallen.'		'I have sold it.'

2 Deponency in Basque

The allocutive is a special form used when the addressee is 2nd person singular familiar. It occurs only with main clause verbs, and its use there is obligatory. Morphologically, the allocutive form appears to involve the addition of a 2nd person singular familiar argument, though the details vary with the verb class:

verb class	allocutive form
monovalent intransitve	→ bivalent transitive (with 2SG FAM ERG argument)
bivalent intransitive	+ a distinct ending (≈ 2SG FAM gender marker)
bivalent transitive	→ trivalent transitive (with 2SG FAM DAT argument)
trivalent	+ a distinct ending (≈ 2SG FAM gender marker)

(Note that, in the case of bivalent transitives, the allocutive is formed only if the object is 3rd person.)

Thus, the allocutive form of the auxilary used with monovalent intransitives and bivalent transitives does not have a unique form (though see below); rather, it has the form it would have if a 2nd singular familiar argument were added to it:

monovalent intransitive
normal	allocutive
normal	M addressee	F addressee
etorri naiz 'I have come'	etorri nauk	etorri naun		ikusi nauk ~ naun 'you (M ~ F) have seen me'
erori garra 'we have fallen'	erori gaituk	erori gaitun	compare bivalent transitive:	ikusi gaituk ~ gaitun 'you (M ~ F) have seen us'
ederrak dira 'they are pretty'	ederrak dituk	ederrak ditun		katuak dituk ~ ditun 'you (M ~ F) have cats'
(p. 244)

bivalent transitive
normal	allocutive
	M addressee	F addressee
edan du 's/he has drunk it'	edan dik	edan din	compare trivalent transitive:	eman dik ~ din 'she has given it to you (M ~ F)'
ikusi dut 'I have seen it'	ikusi diat	ikusi dinat		eman diat ~ dinat 'I have given it to you (M ~ F)'
(p. 245)

The relevant portions of the paradigms are given below (indicative forms of the auxiliary are taken as representative). The normal forms which are replaced by allocutive forms are struck through, and colour-coded with the corresponding form which serves for the allocutive. (Note that in the past tense there is some deviation from this principle in the 3rd person, and in the 1st plural).:

subject		allocutive monovalent intransitive	compare with bivalent transitive (absolutive object)
subject		allocutive monovalent intransitive	1SG	1PL	2SG FAM	2SG	3SG	3PL
1SG	PRS PST	~~naiz~~ → nauk ~~nintzen~~ → ninduan			haut hindudan	zaitut zintudan	dut nuen	ditut nituen
1PL	PRS PST	~~gara~~ → gaituk ~~ginen~~ → ginduan~ginduan			haugu hindugun	zaitugu zintugun	dugu genuen	ditugu genituen
2SG FAM M	PRS PST	haiz hintzen	nauk ninduan	gaituk gintuan			duk huen	dituk hituen
2SG FAM F	PRS PST	haiz hintzen	naun nindunan	gaitun gintunan			dun huen	ditun hituen
3SG	PRS PST	da → duk ~~zen~~ → zuan~zunan	nau ninduen	gaitu gintuen	hau hinduen	zaitu zintuen	du zuen	ditu zituen
3PL	PRS PST	~~dira~~ → dituk ~~ziren~~ → zituan~zituan	naute ninduten	gaituzte gintuzten	haute hinduten	zaituztete zintuzteten	dute zuten	dituzte zituzten
(pp. 213, 222-23, 244)

subject		allocutive bivalent transitive (absolutive object)		compare with trivalent transitive (dative object)
subject		3SG	3PL	1SG	1PL	2SG FAM M	2SG FAM F	3SG	3PL
1SG	PRS PST	~~dut~~ → diat~dinat ~~nuen~~ → nian~ninan	ditut nituen			diat nian	dinat ninan	diot nion	diet nien
1PL	PRS PST	~~dugu~~ → diagu~dinagu ~~genuen~~ → genian~geninan	ditugu genituen			diagu genian	dinagu geninan	diogu genion	diegu genien
2SG FAM M	PRS PST	duk huen	dituk hituen	didak hidan	diguk higun			diok hion	diek hien
2SG FAM F	PRS PST	dun huen	ditun hituen	didan hidan	digun higun			dion hion	dien hien
3SG	PRS PST	du → dik~din ~~zuen~~ → zian~zinan	ditu zituen	dit zidan	digu zigun	dik zian	din zinan	dio zion	die zien
3PL	PRS PST	~~dute~~ → diate~dinate ~~zuten~~ → ziaten~zinaten	dituzte zituzten	didate zidaten	digute ziguten	diate ziaten	dinate zinaten	diote zioten	diete zieten
(pp. 213, 222-23)

References

Hualde, J.I., B. Oyharçabal and J. Ortiz de Urbina. 2003. Verbs. In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds) A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 195-246.