Northwest Solomonic

Torau draft dictionary

by Bill Palmer
2004 Go to the Torau homepage

Introduction

Torau is a highly endangered language spoken on the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. The region where Torau was traditionally spoken has been severely affected by a recent civil war, and the prognosis for the language's future is not good.
Fortunately, some words and a very small amount of grammatical data has been collected on this language in the early to mid twentieth century. All original source material has been drawn together, and the following dictionary of Torau has been compiled from it.
This dictionary is very much a work in progress.

Sources

The original Torau material varies widely in both quality and quantity. The original materials used to compile this dictionary were:
Allen, Jerry & Conrad Hurd (1963) [An unpublished SIL survey word list of Torau.]
McAdam, T.L. (1926) [A short word list of Torau collected in Rorovana village by McAdam, the Kieta District Officer] in 'Vocabulary of native languages.' In Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Report to the League of Nations on the Administration of the Territory of New Guinea from 1st July, 1924, to 30th June, 1925. Melbourne: Government Printer for the State of Victoria. [The list contains a total of 287 items (including some duplications, eg. ate as ‘water’ and as ‘river’.]
Rausch, Peter (1912) 'Die Sprache von Südost-Bougainville, Deutsche Salomoninseln.' Section D: 'Die Torau-Sprache.' Anthropos 7:983-985. [Grammatical notes on the language.]
Rausch, Peter (1912) 'Die Sprache von Südost-Bougainville, Deutsche Salomoninseln.' Section E: ‘Vergleichendes Wörterverzeichnis.' Anthropos7:986-994. [A word list of four languages including Torau.]
Ribbe, Carl (1903) Zwei Jahre unter den Kannibalen der Salomoinseln. Reiseerlebnisse und Schilderungen von Land und Leuten. Dresden-Blasewitz: Beyer. pp187-212 [Short word lists of 6 Northwest-Solomonic languages including Torau (under the name 'Gieta'), collected in 1894-1895. The lists contain 138 Torau items. It is not clear where Ribbe collected the list, as he did not visit the east coast of Bougainville.]

Orthography

The letters used in orthography of the headwords have the same pronunciation (broadly speaking) as their English counterparts, and probably have their expected IPA values, except that 'r' probably represents a rhotic tap.
The phoneme /h/ does not appear in McAdam or Allen & Hurd, however it does occur sporadically in the Rausch data. Where Rausch has /h/, no consonant is present in McAdam or Allen & Hurd. It is reasonable to assume that the /h/ was lost after Rausch collected his data in about 1900, and when McAdam collected his data in the 1920s. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Rausch contains some instances where a form is transcribed on one occasion with an 'h' on on another without. It appears that the /h/ was in the process of being lost at the time Rausch was working.
The Rausch sources consistently have a velar nasal where all other sources have a /g/. It is not clear why this is so - perhaps /g/ was heavily prenasalised at the time Rausch was collecting his data. Rausch's velar nasal is generally taken to represent a voiced velar plosive, and that is the approach used in this dictionary. Where the item occurs only in Rausch, the stop is assumed and the form has been modified accordingly. However, it must be remembered that in this list the orthographic ‘g’ represents a velar nasal in Rausch and a voiced velar stop in McAdam and Allen & Hurd.

How this dictionary works

Each entry in this dictionary has four parts, each in a separate column. The first column contains the headword - that actual Torau word itself. The second column contains the English translation of the Torau word. The third column identifies the source or sources for the headword. Finally, the fourth column contains occasional notes of various kinds about the word.
In the source data column the source alone is identified, unless the form or translation given in the source differs from the form given as the headword or its translation. In some instances where the form differs in a way that may be significant, it is is presented in bold. This applies particularly where the source includes an h in the form.
The abbreviations of sources used in the data column are:
            RS        = the Rausch word list and sketch grammar
            RB        = Ribbe
            AH        = Allen & Hurd
            M         = McAdam

The dictionary

Click on a letter to go straight to that section of the dictionary.
A B D E G I K L M N O P R S T U V

-a	‘3SG.OBJ’	[a’loa ‘…hat ihn gemacht’ RS]
a-aa-gu	‘older brothers’	[‘meine älteren Brüder’ RS]
a-abaisa	‘young women’	[‘junges Weib’ (pl) RS]
aá-gu	‘older brother’	[‘mein älterer Bruder’ RS]
a-alo-a	‘do it, make it’	[aaloa ai sangu ‘I am doing it.’ RS]	(redup. form in present construction)
aátia	‘light (fire)’	[‘anzünden’ RS]
abáisa	‘young woman’	[‘young’ M] [‘junges Weib’ RS]	(see podoauru)
abáuru	‘complain’	[ha’bauru ‘sich beklagen’ RS]
ábe	‘climb up, enter’	[‘eintreten, klettern, steigen’ RS]
ábe	‘net’	[‘Netz’ (‘a’ has short vowel diacritic) RS]
ada erua	‘we two, us two’	[AH]
ádi	‘their (pl)’	[‘ihre’ RS]
adi-adiutala	‘hard-working’	[‘fleissig’ RS]
ádina	‘their (sg)’	[‘ihr’ RS]
adiútala	‘work’	[‘arbeiten’ RS]
adóa	‘hit’	[‘hauen’ RS]	(see atuna)
agára	‘crawl’	[‘kriechen’ RS]
agára-la	‘root’	[AH] [‘tree root’ M] [‘Wurzel’ RS]	(see lamutu)
agisina	‘near’	[M]
ágosoròla	‘today’	[‘Heute’ RS]
águ	‘my (pl)’	[‘meine’ agu tuagu‘meine Hände’ RS]
agúna	‘my (sg)’	[‘mein’ RS]
agun-ala-gesi	‘chief’ (lit. ‘my-man-big’)	[agunalages M]
aguouasi-gu	‘brother’	[M]	(?actually agu-ou-asi)
ai	‘particle linking redup. verb form and Poss particle in present construction’	[aaloa ai sangu ‘I am doing it.’ RS]
áikala	‘no’	[AH]
áine-la	‘older sister of a male’	[AH] [aine-gu ‘sister’ M]
aka	‘not’	[aka aa’loa ai ‘sangu ‘I am not doing it’ RS] [akalalau ‘go not’,akalalauma ‘come not’ M]	(in pres. constructions)
ákapútia	‘blow out (flame)’	[‘haka’putia‘ausblasen’ RS]
akási	‘canoe (dugout)’	[ha’kasi Einbaum RS]
ála	‘man, husband’	[ala ‘man’, ala-gu‘husband’ M] [‘older brother of a male’ AH] [a’laha ‘männlich’ RS]
alaola	‘wake s.o., disturb s.o.’s sleep’	[halaola ‘Im Schlaf stören’ RS]	(see naola)
alátia	‘order’ (v)	[‘befehlen’ RS]
alo	‘custom’	[halo ‘Gebrauch, Sitte’ RS]
aló-a	‘do it, make it’	[‘gemacht’ RS]
alobela	‘quick’	[M]
amáiria	‘make angry’	[‘zornig machen’ RS]
ámana	‘our (sg)’	[‘unser’ RS]
ámani	‘our (pl)’	[‘unsere’ RS]
amáta	‘village’	[ha’mata ‘Platz, Dorf’ RS]
a-máte-a	‘kill’	[AH] [ha’matea ‘töten’ RS]
amealalaso	‘tame’	[‘zahm’ RS]
amórea	‘forget’	[‘vergessen, nicht mehr wissen’ RS]
ámu	‘your (pl) (pl)’	[‘eure’ RS]
ámuna	‘your (pl) (sg)’	[‘euer’ RS]
amúsia	‘wipe clean’	[‘abwischen’ RS]
ána	‘consume’	[‘essen, trinken, essen (trans.)’, ‘brennen, beissen, verzehren’ RS]
áni	‘eat’	[‘aani AH]
áni	‘sharp’	[‘scharf’ RS]
áni-áni	‘eat; food’	[‘eat’ M] [‘Speise’ RS]
ánu	‘eight’	[M] [RS]
ánua	‘person, people, someone’	[‘person’ AH] [ha’nua‘Menschen’ ‘hanua‘Mann, jemand’ RS]
anúai	‘they, them’	[‘sie’ RS]
anúsa	‘island’	[‘Insel’ RS] [anussa‘Insel’ RB]
áo	‘tree’	[hao M, ‘aao AH] [hao‘Holz’ RB]
a-odor-ia	‘believe’ (lit. ‘make-true’)	[haodoria ‘glauben’ RS]
aola	‘smell’	[haola ‘riechen’ RS]
aóla atoro	‘smell good’	[ha’ola atoro ‘es riecht gut’ RS]
a-onu-a	‘fill’	[hahonua ‘füllen’ RS]
áoso	‘sick’	[‘haoso Krank RS]
apala	‘tree branch’	[M]
a-pódo-a	‘give birth to, create’	[hapodoa‘verursachen’ a’podoa‘gebären’ RS]
apó-gu	‘friend, wantok’	[‘friend’ M] [‘Freund, Totemmitglied’, ‘mein Freund’ RS]
apoh	‘rain’	[‘Regen’ RB p187]	(see opoh)
ára-la	‘shoulder’	[AH] [ahara-gu M]
aramini	‘lightning’	[‘Blitz’ RB]
aráusia	‘finish’	[‘beendigen’ RS]
aredóisa	‘when?’	[AH]
ári	‘reciprocal’	[‘mani ‘ari ‘daki ‘wir sind uns begegnet’ti’bola ma ari tuga ‘er liebt sich selbst’ RS]	(preposed particle, occurs in reciprocal and reflexive constructions)
ari páianu	‘put on clothes’ (lit. ‘reciprocal wrap)	[‘Kleid anziehen’ RS]	(is the –nu meant to be –gu???)
ari rúkata	‘take off clothes’ (lit. ‘reciprocal loosen/untie)	[‘Kleid ausziehen’ RS]
ari sarái	‘be of equal size’	[ari sārái ‘gleich gross’ RS]	(reciprocal prefix?)
aróaroi	‘hope’	[‘hoffen’ RS]
arórea	‘announce’	[‘verkündigen’ RS]
aruaru	‘weak’	[‘schwach’ RS]
asaunala	‘far’	[M]
así-gu	‘younger brother’	[‘mein jüngerer Bruder’ RS]
asikoa	‘make dirty’	[‘beschmutzen’ RS]
asómáia	‘make ready’	[‘fertig machen’ RS]
ásu	‘smoke’	[M] [‘aasu AH] [‘Rauch’ RS] [asu ‘Rauch’ RB]
asú-gu	‘eyebrow’	[‘Augenbrauen’ RS]
atáena	‘know’	[AH] [a’taiena ‘denken an, wissen’ RS]
atée	‘water, river’	[M] [AH] [‘Wasser’ RS] [‘(breast) milk’ M]
ate-géesi	‘river’ (lit. ‘big-water’)	[AH]
ate-la	‘breast milk’	[ateila M]
até-la	‘liver’	[M] [a’teela AH]
a-tia	‘impregnate’ (lit. ‘cause-belly’)	[aitia ‘befruchten’ RS]
atikiei	‘slow’	[M]
atóaia	‘cure, save’	[ha’toaia heilen, retten RS]
atóato	‘speak’, ‘language’	[‘Sprache, sprechen’ RS]
atoka	‘cook’ (itr)	[atoga M]
atoka-ia	‘cook’ (tr)	[‘kochen’ RS]
atóro(-la)	‘good’	[a’torola M] [a’torolaAH] [‘gut’ RS] [ha’ola atoro ‘es riecht gut’ RS]
á-tu-a	‘make sit’	[‘hatua Setzen RS]
atúba	‘bushes, shrubs’	[‘Gestrüpp’ RS]
atu-gu ala	‘son’	[atugualla ‘son’ M]
atúna	‘hit’	[AH] [‘kill’ M] [atunu hamatea ‘töten’ RS]	(see adoa)
-au	‘1SG.OBJ’	[a’loau ‘…hat mich gemacht’ RS]
áu	‘your (sg) (pl)’	[‘deine’ RS]
áuna	‘your (sg) (sg)’	[‘dein’ RS]
áuru	‘new’	[AH] [a’oru ‘jung, neu’ RS]
a-utúp-ia	‘drown s.o.’	[hau’tupia ‘ertränken’ RS]
áuua-la	‘seed’	[AH]

ba	‘2SG.SUBJ.IRR’	[‘du… (Futur)’ RS]
ba-baina	‘women’	[‘Weib’ (pl) RS]
babakainala	‘strike’	[M]
bae-la	‘upper arm’?	[baila ‘arm’ AH] [‘Schulter’ RS]
bai	‘3SG.SUBJ.IRR’	[pae AH] [‘er… (Futur)’ RS]
báina	‘woman, wife’	[baina ‘woman’, bainagu ‘wife’ M] [AH] [‘Weib’, w’eiblich’ RS] [baina ‘Weib, Frau’ RB]
bála	‘fence’	[‘Zaun’ RS]
báni	‘turn around?, turn back?, overturn?’	[‘umkehren’ RS]
barelakas	‘tree trunk’	[M]
barío	‘breadfruit’	[‘Brotfrucht’ RS]
bebelu	‘butterfly’	[M] [bebelo ‘Schmetterling’ RB]
béle	‘spear’	[‘Speer’ RS]
bésu	‘be hungry’	[AH] [‘hungern’ RS]
bíaka	‘run’	[AH] [biak M] [‘beaka ‘laufen’ RS]
bisíra	‘sterile’	[‘unfruchtbar’ RS]
bito-gu	‘navel’	[M]
bó	‘pig’	[AH] [bo-o M]
boala	‘bow (for arrows)’	[‘Bogen’ RB]
bóla-ia	‘hear it’	[AH] [bo’laia ‘hören’ RS]
bóni	‘night’	[AH] [‘bongi ‘Nacht’ RS]
bubúru	‘grass’	[M] [‘Gras’ RS] [buburu ‘Gras’ RB]
búka	‘betel nut’	[M] [‘Betel’ RS]
búna	‘cut through’	[‘durchhauen’ RS]
búnuru	‘be surprised’	[‘sich wundern’ RS]
búrara	‘axe’	[AH]
búri	‘pregnant’	[‘schwanger’ RS]

dáki-a	‘meet’	[‘begegnen’ RS]
di	‘3PL.SUBJ.RL’	[AH] [‘sie haben… (Perfekt)’ RS]
-dia	‘3PL.OBJ’	[a’lodia ‘…hat sie gemacht’ RS]
dípa	‘3PL.SUBJ.IRR’	[‘sie… (Futur)’ RS]
dódéa	‘hate’	[‘hassen’ RS]
dodologu	‘lips’	[M]
dukúa	‘say’	[‘sagen (inquit)’ RS]
dumala	‘now’	[M]

e	‘this’	[‘dieser’ RS]
eana	‘sweat’	[M]
ee	‘he, him’	[‘er, ihn, ihm’ RS]
eia	‘these’	[‘diese (Plural)’ RS]
eiko	‘lie (down)’	[M]	(see maeko)
éla	‘his, her, its (pl)’	[‘seine’ RS]
elairáusu	‘all’	[AH]
élo	‘sea’	[‘Meer’ RS]	(see ogo, kasora)
eloáina	‘wait’	[‘warten’ RS]
ena	‘this’	[‘dieser’ RS]	(actually ‘that’? – RS gives 2 sg DEMs, e and ena)
éna	‘his, her, its (sg)’ (3SGP)	[‘sein’ RS]
énae	‘this’	[AH]
enéle-la	‘leg, foot’	[‘leg’ M] [‘leg’ AH] [‘Fuss, Bein’ RS]
épisa	‘three’	[M] [AH] [RS]
episa saunu	‘thirty’	[M]
episa saunu idai	‘thirty one’	[M]
episa saunu nima	‘thirty five’	[M]
episa saunu olomo	‘thirty six’	[M]
éra	‘sing’	[M] [AH] [‘singen’ RS]
éro	‘climb down’	[‘hinabsteigen’ RS]
erúa	‘two’	[M] [AH] [‘eruaRS]
erua saunu	‘twenty’	[M] [RS]
erua saunu idai	‘twenty one’	[eruasaunnidai M]
erua saunu nima	‘twenty five’	[M]
erua saunu olomo	‘twenty six’	[M]
eruas	‘few’	[M]
esána-la	‘name’	[AH]	(see isala-)
évati	‘four’	[AH] [ewati M] [e’vati RS]

gáo	‘burn’	[AH]
gátu	‘feast’	[‘ngatu ‘Fest’ RS]
gési	‘big’	[‘geesi AH] [ges ‘large’ M] [‘ngesi‘gross’ RS]
getára	‘bed’	[nge’tara ‘Bett’ RS] [‘bad’ M!]
gimása	‘coconut shell’	[ngi’masa ‘Kokosnussschale’ RS]
gito	a clause-final grammatical particle	[AH]
gólo	‘banana’	[AH] [gol M] [‘ngolo ‘Banane’ RS]
gómo atoro	‘hard, firm’	[‘ngomo atoro ‘fest’ RS]

-i- ~ -in- ~ -ini-	‘applicative marker’	[a’lo-i-mani ‘…hat es uns gemacht’, a’lo-in-a ‘…hat es ihm gemacht’, a’lo-ini-o ‘…hat es dir gemacht’ RS]
ia	‘betel lime’	[M]
íai	‘where?’ or ‘which?’	[‘where?’ AH] [‘welcher?’ RS]
íala	‘fish’	[M] [AH] [i’ala ‘Fisch’] [ijalla‘Fisch’ RB]
ibáo	‘moon’	[AH] [ibau M] [‘Mond’ RS] [ibau ‘Mond’ RB]
idaí	‘piece (small)’	[‘Stück (klein)’ RS]
íio	‘he, she, it, him, her’	[AH]	(Wrong? = ‘that’. AH’s eg’s give ee as 3SG pronoun, as per RS)
iiodi taninarua	‘they two, them two’	[iyodi… AH]
ináu	‘I, me’	[AH] [‘ich, mir, mich’ RS]
iné	‘you (sg)’	[AH] [‘du, dir, dich’ RS]
in-tara-tara-dia	‘all’	[M]
ío	‘that’	[AH]
íodi	‘they, them’	[AH]
iró-la	‘back’	[AH] [‘Rücken’ RS] [irona‘Rücken’ RB]
irúa	‘put’	[‘legen, stellen’ RS]
irúa	‘stop’, ‘leave’	[‘(ver)lassen’ RS]
isála-gu	‘name’	[i’salangu ‘Name’ RS]	(see esana--)
ísi	‘a wind instrument’	[‘Musikinstrument zum Blasen’ RS]
isió-la	‘body’	[AH] [‘Körper’ RS]
ísoíso	‘red’	[M] [AH]
isú-na	‘nose’	[M] [AH] [‘Nase’ RS] [isuna ‘Nase’ RB]
itáu	‘cooking pot’	[M] [‘topf’ RS]
ítu	‘seven’	[M] [RS]

ka	‘not’ (negative particle)	[mangu ka a’loa I didn’t do it.’ RS]
kábu	‘sky’	[‘Himmel’ RS]
kabukei	‘crab (poss. k.o.)’	[M]
kabukéni	‘vine’	[AH]	(poss. k.o. vine – seemidi)
kaburu	‘coconut, young’	[caburu ‘Kokosnuss, junge’ RB]
kadíala	‘be frightened’ (‘be shocked’?)	[‘sich eRSrecken’ RS]
kadóka	‘bright?, clear?, light?’	[‘Hell’ RS]
kadópia	‘catch’	[AH]
kai	‘1SG.SUBJ.IRR’	[‘ich… (Futur)’ RS] [kaimausu‘sleep’ and lagukaiwario ‘tell’ M]
kaimemata	‘wake’	[M]
kaisia	‘buy’	[‘kaufen’ RS]
kaisiam	‘get’	[M]	(‘buy-come’?)
kakáana	‘sand’	[AH]	(see nunala)
kakabínolo	‘round’	[AH]
kakábubola	‘disobedient’	[‘ungehorsam’ RS]
kakalasom	‘sacred’	[M]
kákalo	‘strong’	[‘hart, stark’ RS]
ká-kanèa	‘old men’	[‘Greis’ (pl) RS]
kakaruku-enele-la	‘foot’	[AH]	(see pita-pitani-gu)
kakata	‘cloud’ (poss. k.o.)	[M]	(see kamou, sibisibi)
kákata	‘white’	[M] [AH] [‘kagata ‘weiss’ RS]
kakua	‘break’	[‘brechen’ RS]
kamisu	‘spit’	[‘speien’ RS]
kamisu-gu	‘spittle’	[M]
kamisu-in-a	‘spit on s.th.’	[‘bespeien’ RS]
kamóu	‘cloud’	[AH]	(see kabu)
kanéa	‘old man’	[AH] [‘old’ M] [‘Greis’, ‘erwachsen’ RS]	(seemagota)
kanúa dedeava	‘ancestor’	[‘Vorfahren’ RS]
kárakata-la	‘chin’	[AH] [ka’rata,kagu ‘Kinn’ RS] [karakatalla ‘Kinn’ RB]
kárata	‘bite’	[AH]
karát-ia	‘bite’	[‘beissen’ RS]
karoa	‘dig’	[‘graben’ RS]
kása	‘one’	[M] [RS] [‘kaasa AH]
kasora	‘sea, ocean’	[cassora ‘Meer’ RB]	(see elo, ogo)
káukau	‘dog’	[M] [AH] [kau kau ‘Hund’ RB]
kaumu	‘crab (poss. k.o.)’	[M]
kaunala	‘scrotum’	[M]
keokóno	‘axe’	[AH]
kería	‘desire s.th.’	[‘begehren’ RS]	(see peko)
kíki-na	‘small’	[M] [‘khikina AH] [‘klein’ RS]
kikíu	‘bathe (in the sea)’	[‘baden’ RS]	(seesasaoa)
kínukinu	‘crooked’	[‘krumm’ RS]
kíu	‘wind’	[M] [AH] [kiuu ‘Wind’ RS]
koáke	‘rat’	[AH] [kuak M] [ko’ake ‘Maus’ RS]
kóau	‘ashes’	[AH] [‘Asche’ RB]
kobáha-gu	‘stomach’	[‘Magen’ RS]
kobo	‘plate, bowl’	[‘Trog, Teller’ RS]
kodóla	‘bay’	[‘Bucht’ RS]
kóitoke	‘lazy’	[‘träg’ RS]
kokoá	‘drink’	[AH]
kokoia	‘roast’	[‘rösten’ RS]
kókoo	‘garden’	[‘Garten’ RS]
kokopáu-na	‘thumb’	[M] [AH]
kokórala	‘cowardly’	[‘feig’ RS]
kómukómu	‘snake’	[AH] [komkom M] [ko’mukomu ‘Schlange, Wurm’ RS] [comu ‘Schlange’ RB]
korinah	‘buttocks’	[corinah ‘Gesäss’ RB]
kosia	‘cut’	[M]
kotéika	‘sweet potato’	[AH] [koteok M]
kúakua	‘frog’	[AH]	(AH has superscript ‘u’s, so maybe [kwakwa])
kuia	‘betel bag’	[‘Beteltasche’ RS]
kukurísi-na	‘finger, toe’	[M] [‘finger’ AH] [‘Finger’ RS]
kukuru	‘pigeon, dove’	[‘Taube’ RB]
kulúkulu	‘bamboo’	[‘Bambu’ RS]
kumóa	‘grab, hold’	[‘berühren, anhalten, ergreifen’ RS]
kuné-la	‘tail’	[of dog or pig, but apparently not bird AH] [including of fish ‘Fischschwanz’, ‘Schwanz’ (‘e’ has short vowel diacritic) RS]

labelai	‘a village identified by M as Torau speaking’
lagátia	‘ask’	[la’ngatia ‘fragen’ RS]
lago	‘and’ (conjunction linking at least sequential coordinated clauses)	[AH] [lagukaiwario‘tell’ M]
láha	‘chief’	[‘Häuptling’ RS]
laláha	‘chiefs’	[‘Häuptlinge’ RS]
la-láu	‘go’ (redup. form in pres. construction)	[M] [laa’lao ‘walk’ AH]
la-lau-ma	‘come’ (redup. form in pres. construction)	[M]
lamía	‘pity’	[‘bedauern, bemitleiden’ RS]
lamutu	‘root’	[‘Wurzel’ RB]	(seea’gara-la)
lau	‘go’	[lao AH] [M] [‘gehen’ RS]
láu-ma	‘come’	[M] [AH] [laumai‘kommen’ RS]
leléa	‘laugh’	[AH] [‘lachen’ RS]
leleá-in-a	‘laugh at s.o.’	[‘verspotten’ RS]
leléua	‘warn’ (‘urge, admonish’)	[‘ermahnen’ RS]
leuleu	‘brave’	[‘tapfer, mutig’ RS]
loa	‘drink’	[M]
lokáloka	‘necklace’	[‘Halsband’ RS]
lolo	‘mosquito’	[M] [lolo ‘Moskito’ RB]
lológusu	‘straight’	[‘gerade’ RS]
lomála	‘deep’	[‘tief’ RS]
lómoa	‘touch, feel’	[‘fühlen’ RS]
lomo-lómoto	‘wet (of clothing)’	[AH]
lomóto	‘wet’	[‘nass’ RS]
lóni	‘silent’	[‘stumm’ RS]
losóla	‘many’	[AH] [lusola M]

ma	‘3SG.SUBJ.RL’	[AH] [‘er hat… (Perfekt)’ RS]
máeko	‘lie’ (‘i slip’)	[AH]	(see eiko)
magára	‘bow (for arrows)’	[‘Bogen’ RS]
magáu	‘flame’	[‘Flamme’ RS]
magóta	‘old woman’	[AH] [‘old’ M] [‘altes Weib’ RS]	(see kanea)
mágu	‘1SG.SUBJ.RL’	[‘ich habe… (Perfekt)’ RS]
magualoa	‘make’	[M]
magunuma	‘thigh’	[‘Schenkel’ RB]
maimai	‘crocodile’	[mai mai ‘Krokodil’ RB]
maláe-gu	‘uncle’	[‘mein Oheim’ RS]
malagana	‘spinach’	[M]
malásu	‘defecate’ (?)	[‘notdurft verrichten’ RS]
mamáe	‘be ashamed’	[‘sich schämen’ RS]
ma-malae-gu	‘uncles’	[‘meine Oheime’ RS]
mamanua-na	‘heart’	[M]	(see ‘nari-na)
mamáta	‘get up from sleep’	[‘aufstehen vom Schlaf’ RS]
manarola	‘coconut, very young’	[‘Kokosnuss, ganz junge’ RB]
-mani	‘1PL.OBJ’	[a’lomani ‘…hat uns gemacht’ RS]
máni	‘1PL.SUBJ.RL’	[‘wir haben… (Perfekt)’ RS]
mánipa	‘1PL.SUBJ.IRR’	[‘wir… (Futur)’ RS]
manpai-is	‘dance’	[M]
maónu	‘full’	[AH]
maráda	‘long’	[AH]
maráela	‘long’	[maraila M] [‘hoch, lang’ RS]
mári	‘bag’	[‘Sack’ (‘a’ has macron andseems to have accent) RS]
mári	‘bird’	[M] [AH] [ma’rii ‘Vogel’ RS]
mási-masìni	‘red’	[‘rot’ RS]
masíni	‘blood’	[AH] [masin M] [‘Blut’ RS]
masíriau	‘feel pain’	[‘Schmerz empfinden’ RS]
masúru	‘be full (after eating)’	[‘satt sein’ RS]
matá-la	‘eye’	[M] [AH] [‘Auge, Gesicht’ RS] [matalla ‘Auge’ RB]
matáni udá	‘ash’	[‘Asche’ RS]
matáte	‘rise (of sun)’	[‘aufgehen (Sonne)’ RS]
máte	‘die’	[AH] [‘sterben’ RS]
matoburu	‘tree seed’	[M]
matua	‘ripe’	[‘reif’ RS]
matuala	‘ghost’	[M]
máua	‘says’	[AH]
máunai	‘crocodile’	[M] [‘Krokodil’ RS]
máusu	‘sleep’	[AH] [kaimausu M] [‘mausa‘schlafen’ RS]
méa-la	‘tongue’	[M] [AH] [me’angu ‘Zunge’ RS]
meátia	‘lick’	[‘lecken’ RS]
medá	‘flying fox’	[M] [AH] [me’daa ‘Fliegender Hund’ RS]
me-magota	‘old women’	[‘altes Weib’ (pl) RS]
menáka(-la)	‘fat’	[me’nagala AH] [me’naka ‘fett’ RS]
mera	‘genital (female)’	[M]
méte	‘coconut (tree and fruit)’	[M] [‘metee ‘Kokosnuss’ RS] [meteeh ‘Kokospalme; Kokosnuss Kokospalme’ RB]
midi	‘vine’	[M]	(poss. k.o. vine – see kabukeni)
mígua	‘bend’	[‘biegen’ RS]
mími	‘urine, urinate’	[‘Harn, sein Wasser machen’ RS]
míno	‘dirty’	[‘schmutzig’ RS]
míno	‘orphan’	[‘Waise’ RS]
moderáre	‘morning’	[AH]
moguakabo bulatoro	‘listen’	[M]
mói	‘wood, tree’	[appears twice - ‘Holz’, ‘Baum’ RS]
moigessi	‘tree’	[‘Baum’ RB]
mokólo	‘turtle’	[M] [‘Schildkröte’ RS] [mokolo ‘Schildkröte’ RB]
móla	‘canoe (klinker-built)’	[‘Plankenboot’ RS]
morita	‘soft’	[M]
moríta	‘cold (of water)’	[AH]
mósimósi	‘tomorrow’	[AH]
mosuná-la	‘meat, flesh’	[‘meat’ AH] [mo’sunangu (‘o’ has macron) ‘Fleisch’ RS]
mu	‘2SG.SUBJ.RL’	[‘du hast… (Perfekt)’ RS]
-mu	‘2PL.OBJ’	[a’lomu ‘…hat euch gemacht’ RS]
mú	‘2PL.SUBJ.RL’	[‘ihr habt… (Perfekt)’ (‘u’ has macron and accent) RS]
múa	‘louse’	[M] [AH] [‘Laus’ RS]
mumudina	‘presently’	[M]
mutana	‘dark’	[‘finster’? RB]	(see nu’nupi)

nabútu	‘heavy’	[M] [AH] [na’botu ‘schwer’ RS]
nakia	‘ginger’	[M]
namuna atoro	‘delicious’	[‘wohlschmeckend’ RS]
namuna saka	‘bad tasting’	[‘schlechtschmeckend’ RS]
nánini	‘arrow’	[AH] [nanin M]
nano	‘fly’	[insect] [M]
naolo	‘wake up’	[‘aufwachen’ RS]	(see alaola)
narína	‘fruit’	[‘Frucht’ RS]
nári-na	‘heart’	[AH]	(seemamanuana)
nárola	‘yesterday’	[AH]
nasua	‘eat (sugar cane)’	[AH]
navu	‘rest’	[‘ruhen’ RS]
niaka	‘mother’ (see nia-la)	[M]
nía-la	‘mother’ (seeniaka)	[AH] [ni’angu ‘meine Mutter’ RS] [niala ‘Mutter’ RB]
níma	‘five’	[M] [RS] [‘niima AH]
nímani	‘we, us’	[AH] [ni’mani ‘wir, uns’ RS]
nímu	‘you (pl)’	[‘ihr, euch’ RS]
nimu amutaninarua	‘you two’	[AH]
nímudi	‘you (pl)’	[AH]
ní-nià-la	‘mother’	[‘meine Mütter’ RS]
nío-la	‘tooth’	[M] [AH] [ni’ongu ‘Mund’ RS] [nioguraus ‘mouth’ M] [niola ‘Mund’ RB]
nonotó-la	‘mouth’	[AH]
núba	‘level ground’	[‘Ebene’ RS]
núnala	‘sand’	[‘Sand’ (1^st ‘a’ has macron) RS]	(seekakaana)
núnu-gu	‘shadow’?, ‘soul’?	[‘shadow’ M] [‘nunūngu ‘Seele’ RS]
nunupi	‘fight’	[M]
nunúpi	‘dark’	[‘dunkel’ RS]	(seemutana)

-o	‘2SG.OBJ’	[a’loo ‘…hat dich gemacht’ RS]
ode	‘genital (male)’	[M]
odóodola	‘true’	[‘wahr’ RS]
odorola	‘true’	[M]
ogára	‘sun’	[M] [AH] [ongara ‘Sonne’ RS] [ogana ‘Sonne’ RB]
ogarai	‘say’	[M]
ogo	‘sea’	[M]	(see elo, kasora)
okúa	‘call’	[‘rufen’ RS]
olágu	‘fear, be afraid of s.th.’	[‘fürchten’ RS]
oláolabu	‘fearful, timid’	[‘furchtsam’ RS]
olomo	‘six’	[M] [o’nomo RS]
omála	‘wild taro’	[‘wilder Taro’ RS]
oméla	‘praise’	[‘loben’ RS]
óno	‘wave’	[‘Welle’ RS]
onóuia	‘think’	[ho’nouia ‘denken’ RS]
óo	‘cough’	[AH] [‘ou ‘husten’ RS]
óo	‘yes’	[AH]
ópi	‘vomit’	[‘sich erbrechen’ RS]
opí-n-a	‘vomit up s.th.’	[‘zurückkotzen’ RS]
opoh	‘rain’	[‘Regen’ RB p203]	(see apoh)
óse	‘paddle’	[‘hose ‘Ruder’ RS]
ota	‘sago’	[M]
otóina	‘hang s.th.’	[‘aufhängen, hängen (trans.)’ RS]

pa	‘2PL.SUBJ.IRR’	[‘ihr… (Futur)’ (‘u’ has macron and accent) RS]
páa-la	‘father’	[AH] [pa’ala ‘sein Vater’ RS] [paala ‘Vater’ RB]	(see paka)
padáia	‘measure’	[‘messen’ RS]
paia	‘wrap up’	[‘einwickeln’ RS]
paka	‘father’	[M]	(see paa-la)
pako	‘hard’	[M]
paláia	‘tie’	[‘binden’ RS]
páo	‘stone’	[M] [AH] [‘pau ‘Stein’ RS] [pahu ‘Stein’ RB]
páo	‘wound, injury’	[‘Wunde’ RS]
pa-paa-la	‘fathers’	[‘meine Väter’ RS]
papáala	‘short’	[AH] [papala M] [‘kurz’ RS] [both AH and RS givepa’paala]
papágia	‘look for’	[‘suchen’ RS]
pápako	‘warm, hot (of water)’	[‘paapako AH] [‘warm’ RS]
papárema	‘bush’	[paparima M] [‘Wald’ RS] [haparemo ‘Wald’ RB]
páro-la	‘feather’	[AH]
pása	‘swim’	[‘paasa AH] [‘schwimmen’ RS]
patúkuna	‘blunt’	[‘stumpf’ (listed with adjectives so not ‘stump’) RS]
paú-na	‘head’	[AH] [pau-u M]
páu-na	‘head, headwater’	[‘Kopf, Quelle’ RS]
pautunú-na	‘knee’	[M] [pautun’nuna AH][pautununu ‘Knie’ RB]
peása	‘pray’	[‘beten’ RS]
peás-ia	‘ask, request’	[‘bitten’ RS]
peetálua-la	‘hand’	[AH]
péko	‘want’	[‘wollen, wünschen’ RS]	(see keria)
pepéaka	‘green’	[‘grün’ RS]
pidáni	‘earth, ground’	[AH] [pidan ‘earth (soil)’ M] [‘Erde’ RS]
pina	‘thunder’	[M]
pita-pitani-gu	‘foot’	[M] [pita anina (woraufer steht) ‘Fuss’ RB]	(seekakaruku-enele-la)
píu	‘arrow’	[‘Pfeil’ RS]
podo	‘be born’	[‘geboren werden’ RS]
pódo-àuru	‘young men’	[‘junger Mann’ (pl) RS]
pógui	‘stupid’	[‘dumm’ RS]
póka	‘lie’ (vitr)	[‘false’ M] [‘lügen’ RS]
poka-ia	‘lie to s.o.’	[‘belügen’ RS]
pokopokotúa-la	‘elbow’	[M] [AH]
polóa	‘cover’	[‘bedecken’ RS]
po-podo-auru	‘young man’ (lit. ‘be.born-new’)	[‘young’ M] [‘junger Mann’ RS]	(see abaisa)
porpor	‘hornbill’	[M]
posáia	‘break into pieces’	[‘zerbrechen’ RS]
potúlu	‘spear’	[M] [AH]
púia	‘blow’	[‘blasen’ RS]
puru	‘comb’	[‘Kamm’ (1^st ‘u’ has macron) RS]
puzi	‘cat’	[‘Katze’ RB]

ráe-la	‘forehead’	[AH]
rái	‘afternoon, evening’’	[‘raai ‘afternoon’ AH] [‘Abend’ RS]
rapi	‘bow (for arrows)’	[M]
rárare	‘day’	[‘Tag’ RS]
ráro	‘widow, widower’	[‘widow’ M] [‘Witwer, Witwe’ RS]
rátu	‘totem’ (?)	[‘Totem’ RS]
raurotsiduka	‘eagle’	[M]
réa	‘belt’	[‘Gürtel’ RS]
ró	‘fly’ (v)	[AH]
róai	‘wild’	[‘wild’ RS]
róe-la	‘leaf’	[AH] [roila ‘tree leaf’ M] [‘roe ‘Blatt’ RS] [roë ‘Blatt’ RB]
róe-róe pepéaka	‘green’	[AH]	(lit. ‘leaf-leaf-green’)
roroáni-na	‘wing’	[AH]
rorógoro	‘cold’	[ro’rongoro ‘kalt’ RS]
rorovana	‘a Torau-speaking village’	[Roruana M]	(site of data collection by M and AH)
ruá-la	‘neck’	[M] [AH] [‘Hals’ RS] [rualla‘Hals’ RB]
rukat-ia	‘loosen, untie’	[‘lösen’ RS]
rúma	‘house’	[M] [AH] [‘Haus’ RS] [numah ‘Haus’ RB]
rutína	‘forbid’	[‘verbieten’ RS]

sa	‘what?’	[AH]
sádi	‘their’	[‘das Ihrige’ RS]
ságasága	‘light’ (as opp. heavy)	[M] [AH] [‘leicht’ RS]
ságu	‘my’	[‘das Meinige’ RS]
sai	‘what?’	[‘was?’ RS]
sáia	‘arrive (at)’	[‘ankommen, erreichen’ RS]
saiai	‘why?’	[‘warum?’ RS]
saialo	‘who (pl)?’	[‘wer?’ (pl) RS]
sakáa-la	‘bad’	[‘schlecht’ RS]
sakáani-na	‘bad’	[AH]
sála	‘his, her, its’	[‘das Seinige’ RS]
sámani	‘our’	[‘das Unsrige’ RS]
sámu	‘your (pl)’	[‘das Eurige’ RS]
saságala	‘dry (of clothing)’	[AH]
sasáoa	‘wash’	[‘waschen’ RS]	(see kikiu)
sáu	‘your (sg)’	[‘das Deinige’ RS]
sáunu	‘ten’	[M] [AH] [RS]
saunu vaini erua	‘twelve’	[RS]
saunu vaini idai	‘eleven’	[RS]
saunu-episa	‘thirteen’	[M]
saunu-erua	‘twelve’	[M]
saunu-evati	‘fourteen’	[M]
saunu-idai	‘eleven’	[M]
saunu-itu	‘seventeen’	[M]
saunu-nanu	‘eighteen’	[meant to be saunuanu?] [M]
saunu-nima	‘fifteen’	[M]
saunu-olomo	‘sixteen’	[M]
saunu-sia	‘nineteen’	[M]
saviako	‘manioc, cassava’	[‘Manihot’ RS]
séa	‘who (sg)?’	[‘who?’ AH] [‘wer?’ (sg) RS]	(see saialo)
sébele	‘club’	[‘Keule’ RS]
sía	‘nine’	[M] [RS]
síaka	‘taro’	[AH] [siak M] [‘si’aka ‘Taro’ RS]
siámeàla	‘thing’	[‘Ding’ RS]
sibisibi	‘cloud’	[poss. k.o.] [M]	(see kamou, kakata)
síbisíbi	‘black’	[M] [AH] [si’besi’bi ‘schwarz’ RS]
sigasiga	‘lobster’	[M]
sígule	‘set (of sun)’	[‘untergehen (Sonne)’ RS]
sináva	‘lightning’	[M] [‘Blitz’ RS]
sino	‘wooden club’	[M]
síóa	‘steal’	[‘stehlen’ RS]
siópa	‘bowels, intestines’	[‘Eingeweide’ RS]
sipóa	‘find’	[‘finden’ RS]
siroak	‘betel limepot’	[M]
sisimu	‘sandfly’	[M]
síu-na	‘fingernail, toenail, claw’	[‘fingernail, toenail’ M] ‘claw’	[AH]
sivala	‘sacrifice, victim’	[‘Opfer’ RS]
sobi	‘walk’	[M]
sodía	‘count’	[‘zählen’ RS]
soláiama	‘bring’	[soleiem M] [‘bringen’ RS]
solapai	‘take’	[M]
sopíti-na	‘bird’s tail’	[AH]’
sóre	‘dance’	[AH]
sósobòngi	‘midnight’	[‘Mitternacht’ RS]
soszo	‘bay’	[‘Bai’ RB noted as elicited for ‘river’ or ‘brook’]
súa	‘rain’	[M] [AH] [‘Regen’ RS]
suanu vaini episa	‘thirteen’	[RS]
sudaka	‘mud’	[M]
suia	‘dive into water’	[‘eintauchen’ RS]
sumá-la	‘bone’	[M] [AH] [‘Knochen’ RS]
susú-na	‘breast’	[AH] [susu M] [‘weibliche Brust’ RS] [‘Brust (weibl.)’ RB]

táane-la	‘owner’	[‘taanela ‘Eigentümer’ (sg) taanedia‘Eigentümer’ (pl) RS]
tabéa	‘answer’	[‘antworten’ RS]
tabi	‘child’	[M]
tabí-ala	‘boy’ (lit. ‘child-man’)	[AH] [tabialla ‘son’ M]
tabi-baina	‘girl’ (lit. ‘child-woman’)	[AH] [‘daughter’ M]
tabi-kíki	‘baby’ (lit. ‘child-small’)	[AH]
tabílu	‘mortar’	[‘Mörser’ RS]
tabu	‘tabu’	[‘heilig, verboten’ RS]
taitai	‘help’	[M]
taitáiri	‘woman’s net bag’	[AH]
tála	‘oil’	[‘Öl’ RS] [talla ‘Öl’ RB]
tamádi	‘provisions’	[‘Proviant’ RS]
tána-gu	‘ear’	[tanada AH] [M] [‘Ohrmuschel’ RS]
tanátia	‘look after’	[‘sorgen’ RS]
tanísi	‘cry’	[‘weinen’ RS]
tanísi-a	‘cry about ‘s.th.’	[‘beweinen’ RS]
tára	‘war’	[‘Krieg’ RS]
tarara	‘a village identified by M as Torau speaking’
tatáda	‘dream’ (v)	[‘träumen’ RS]
tatáe	‘dirt’ (prob. ‘excrement’)	[‘Kot’ RS]
tatámu	‘feed’	[‘speisen (intr.)’ RS]
tatatau-uola	‘stone oven’	[M]
tatáua	‘follow’	[‘folgen’ RS]
táuna	‘road, path’	[AH] [‘Weg’ RS]
távidoko	‘smooth’	[‘glatt’ RS]
teávui	‘bush’?, ‘wilderness’	[‘Wildnis’ RS]
tedé-a	‘feed, support, keep, bring up’	[‘füttern, ernähren, erziehen’ RS]
téde-tède	‘adoptee’?	[‘Zögling’ RS]
tégese	‘stand’	[AH] [‘tengese ‘aufstehen’ RS]
tegeséi	‘stand’	[AH]
tépúnu	‘coconut husk’	[‘Kokonusshülse’ RS]
tére-a	‘give’	[‘tereia M] [tere-au ‘give me’ AH] [‘geben’ RS]
tére-tere	‘generous’	[‘freigebig’ RS]
terrai mariï	‘bird’	[‘Vogel’ RB]
tiá-la	‘belly’	[M] [AH] [‘Bauch’ RS] [‘Bauch’ RB]
tibó-la	‘self’ (reflexive base)	[ti’bola ma ari tuga ‘er liebt sich selbst’ RS]
tióni	‘man’	[AH] [‘Mensch’ RS] [tion ‘Mensch’, tione ‘Mann’ RB]
to	clause final grammatical particle	[AH]
tóiasa	‘midday’	[‘Mittag’ RS]
tokéa	‘scold’(?)	[‘ausschelten’ RS]
tolágia	‘try’	[‘versuchen’ RS]
tomotomónu	‘yellow’	[AH] [tomotamon M]
torien	‘betel spatula’	[M]
toroa	‘burn’	[M]
torú-ia	‘see’	[AH] [‘sehen’ RS]
tóru-na	‘egg’	[AH] [RB gives Tok Pisin kiau]
tóruna atoro	‘beautiful’	[‘schön’ RS]
tou	‘dugong’	[M]
tóu	‘sugar cane’	[M] [AH]
tsiuninamamate	‘sorcerer’	[M]
tuá-la	‘arm, hand’	[‘Arm’, ‘seine Hand’ RS] [tuaguraus M] [tuala ‘Hand; Unterarm?, Oberarm?, Rechte Hand?, Linke Hand?’ RB]
tuarí-na	‘old’	[AH] [tu’ari-la ‘alt’ RS]
tube	‘clouds’	[‘Wolken’ RB]
tugá-ia	‘love’	[‘lieben’ RS]
túioma	‘drum’	[‘Trommel’ RS]
tuí-sala	‘his s.th.’ (‘his side’?) (	[tu’isala ‘sein’ RS]
tuítui	‘boundary, border, limit’	[‘Grenze’ RS]
tunúsia	‘show’	[‘zeigen’ RS]
turuna	‘tree sap’	[M]
túu	‘sit’	[AH] [‘sitzen, sich setzen’ RS] [tu-u‘stand’ M]

uala	‘tree flower’	[M]
uálu	‘vegetable’	[‘Gemüse’ RS]
ubeu	‘cave’	[‘Höhle’ RS]
úda	‘fire’	[M] [AH] [u’da ‘Feue (the ‘u’ has a tilda) RS] [uda ‘Feuer’ RB]
udi	‘ripe to the point of softness’	[‘weichreif’ RS (‘i’ has macron)]
úi	‘yam’	[M] [AH] [‘Yams’ RS]
úka	‘fall down’	[AH]’
únau	‘flee’	[‘flüchten’ RS]
uní-na	‘skin, bark’	[‘unina ‘bark’, u’nina ‘skin’ AH] [u’ningu ‘Haut’ RS] [‘skin, tree bark’ M] [unina ‘Haut’, ulina ‘Rinde’ RB]
ura	‘betel pepper’	[M]
úsu	‘mountain’	[M] [‘uusu AH] [‘Berg’ RS]
utúkulu	‘stick’ (n)	[‘Stock’ RS]
utúpu	‘drown’	[‘ertrinken’ RS]

vagaena	‘a lot’	[wagaena AH] check meaning/function
vagíni	‘medicine’	[‘Arznei’ RS]
vágo	‘whistle’	[‘pfeifen’ RS]
várala	‘stick’	[AH]
várea	‘say, tell’	[‘sagen, mitteilen’ RS] [lagukaiwario‘tell’ M]
vávoi	‘shark’	[wawoi M] [‘Haifisch’ RS]
veséna	‘despise, scorn’	[‘verachten’ RS]
vito	‘a village identified by M as Torau speaking’
vivíto	‘star’	[AH] [vivito M] [‘Stern’ RS] [vivito‘Stern, Sterne’ RB]
vurú-na	‘hair’	[AH] [wurug M] [‘vuru ‘Haar’ RS] [wuruna ‘Haar; Bart, kurzer’ RB]

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